00719--Define ‘Satta’ [Being; Existence]

Define ‘Satta’      [Being; Existence]

1.     According to the Vaisesika School, Being is the highest universal.

2.    According to Advaita Vedanta Being is the Reality.

00718--Define Manogupti [equanimity of the mind]

Define Manogupti    [equanimity of the mind]

According to Jainism, it is one of the external rules of conduct.  It enables one to remove all false thoughts, to remain satisfied within oneself, and to hold all people to be the same.  

00503--Kosa/ Indian Philosophy/ What is Kosa?

What is Kosa? Kosa / Indian Philosophy

kosa=sheath=cover=subtle body=treasury=lexicon

The individual self is enveloped within five subtle bodies: 

1. physical (annamaya kosa)
2. vital (pranamaya kosa)
3. mental (manomaya kosa)
4. consciousness (vijnanamaya kosa), and,
5. bliss (anandamaya kosa)

Each sheath is within the previous one and, thus they become subtler and subtler, one within the next. 

00492-- Nyaya//Define Nyaya System

Nyaya//Define Nyaya System

[means logic; axiom; logical reasoning; rule; method; syllogism]

1.  An orthodox (astika) school of Indian philosophy.  Its founder was Gautama; its varttika-kara was Uddyotakara; and its bhasya-kara was Vatsyayana.  It is primarily a school of logic and epistemology.  It has been defined as a critique of categories through means of valid knowledge.  It is also referred to by the names anviksiki and tarka.

2.  The Nyaya school holds a philosophy of logical realism.  The distinctive contribution of this school is its fashioning of the tools of enquiry and its formulation of the technique of argumentation.

00491--Brahman

Brahman

[the ultimate reality; the ground of the universe; the Absolute; the Divine; "great"(from the root brh = "to expand, greater than the greatest) ]

1. The Absolute Great; that which is greater than the greatest.   "That which puts an end to differences".  The Absolute Reality or all-pervasive supreme principle of the universe.  It has nothing similar to it and nothing different from it, and it has no empirical distinctions from the acosmic viewpoint.

2. Vedantic term for the Absolute Reality.  The Absolute or all-pervasive supreme principle of the universe.  The nature of Brahman is described in the Upanisads and in Vedantic philosophy as sat (Existence absolute), cit (Consciousness absolute), and ananda (Bliss absolute)

3. Advaita vedanta says that it is not possible to explain Brahman in words.  It transcends all ideas and concepts and is therefore nirguna - beyond conceptualization.  It is declared to be the only Truth.  Other Vedantas explain that words may not entirely define what Brahman is, but they do describe its glorious attributes and is therefore saguna-- "with glorious attributes".

4.  In the Upanisads it is conceived of in two modes; the Reality of which the universe is but an appearance (nisprapanca) and the all inclusive ground of the universe (saprapanca).  It is described positively as existence (sat), knowledge (cit), bliss(ananda) and infinite (ananta), and negatively as "not this, not this" (neti neti).  It has nothing similar to it and nothing different from it, and it has no empirical distinctions from the acosmic viewpoint.  According to Advaita Vedanta, Brahman is known in two forms; that as qualified by limiting conditions owing to the distinctions of "name and form" and as what is free from all limiting conditions whatever.  Both Visistadvaita and Dvaita Vedanta conceive of Brahman as endowed with auspicious qualities (saguna).

00490--Hiranyagarbha

Hiranyagarbha

means "golden egg"; gold germ; the cosmic form of the self; cosmic womb; creator of the subtle universe

It is the subtle vesture.  It is the form of all the individuals together or the only individual.  IT IS THE SEED OF THE UNIVERSE.  It is also known as sutratman.  The Rg Veda says, "Hiranyagarbha arose in the beginning; born, he was the one lord of things existing."

Its also a name of God, the Creator as born from a golden egg.  This egg was formed from the seed deposited in the primordial waters by the self-existent Brahman on the eve of creation.  The seed took the form of a golden egg, out of which Brahman was born as Brahma, the creator.  It also means the soul invested by the subtle body.  Various synonyms for this term include mahat, virat, Isvara and saguna Brahman.

00489--Atharva Veda

Atharva Veda

Means wisdom of  (the sage) atharva.

The Atharva Veda is comprised of formulas intended mainly to counteract evil, diseases, and other practical events.  It is meant for the Brahmana priest who is the general supervisor of the sacrifice.  The Atharva Veda contains the Prasna, the Mundaka, and the Mandukya Upanisads.

00488--Mandukya Upanisad / Indian philosophy

Mandukya Upanisad

This Upanisad is said to contain, in just twelve verses, the gist of all the other Upanisads.  It belongs to the Atharva Veda.  It consists of only twelve verses and is thus the shortest of the Upanisads.  Brahman (the Absolute) is identified with the term Om.  The sound Om consists of three parts-A, U, and M- which are identified with Vaisvanara, Taijasa and Prajna,  Unlike the other Upanisads, this one does not relate any anecdotes, imaginary dialogues, or stories to illustrate its teachings.  Also unlike the other Upanisads, it is silent about rituals and worship and plunges at once into a discussion of Atman and Brahman.