00603--Summary of the essay DREAM CHILDREN by Charles Lamb [ from ESSAYS OF ELIA]

Summary of the essay DREAM CHILDREN by Charles Lamb [ from ESSAYS OF ELIA]

Children like to hear about their elders when they were children.  So, our author’s children sat around him to listen to the stories of childhood of their great grand-mother Field.  She lived in a great house in Norfolk.  The most interesting fact about this house was that the whole story of ‘the Children in the Wood’ was carved in wood upon the chimney-piece of the great hall.  But later this was replaced by a marble chimney piece by a rich person.  Great grandmother Field was not the real owner of the house but due to her behaviour, manners and her great religious devotions she was respected by everyone.  She, however, used the house as if it were her own.  But later, the ornaments were taken off from the house to the real owner’s home, which was in the adjoining country.  When Mrs. Field died, her funeral was attended by both the poor and the rich.  Men from many miles around came to show their respect for memory.  She was indeed a very gentle-hearted and pious person.  She knew the Psalms by heart and also a great part of the Testament.

.

Lamb then began telling them about their great grandmother’s youth; when she was regarded as the best dancer in the country.  But she was attacked by cancer, and that desisted her from dancing any further.  Her good spirits, however, could not be broken, and she continued to be religious and kind hearted.  She used to sleep by herself in a desolate chamber of that great house.  She thought that she saw two apparitions of infants at midnight, but she was sure that were good creatures and would not hurt her.  She was also very kind to her grandchildren, who went to her during holidays.  Lamb himself used to spend hours in gazing upon old busts of the Emperors of Rome.  He used to roam around the large silent rooms of that huge house and looked through the worn-out hangings, fluttering tapestry, and carved oaken panels.  He also used to hang about the garden, gazing at the trees and flowers.  He was satisfied thus roaming about, and preferred this to the sweet flavours of peaches, nectarines, and such common habits of children.

Though great grand-mother Field loved all her grand-children, she had a special favour for their uncle John Lamb, because he was a handsome and a spirited lad.  He was dashing sort of fellow.  While others would have preferred a secluded corner, he used to mount on horses and ride around the country and join the hunters. 

Their uncle John Lamb was really a brave man.  He won the admiration of everyone as he grew up to be a man.   When our author was a lame footed boy, John, who was a few years senior to him used to carry him on his back for many miles.  In after-life John, however, became lame-footed.  Lamb now fears that he had not been considerate enough to bear the impatient pains of John, or to remember his childhood when he was carried by John.  But when John died Lamb missed him so much.  Lamb remembered his kindness and his crossness, and wished him to be alive again.      

The children then demanded that Lamb should say about their dead mother.  Then Lamb began telling them how for seven long years he patiently courted the fair Alice Winterton.  As he was relating these experiences of his, he suddenly felt that the eyes of that old Alice were gazing from the face of the little Alice sitting before him.  As Lamb continued to look it seemed that the children, John and Alice were receding from him.  At last just two mournful features were left out of them, and they told him that they were neither of Alice nor of Lamb, that they were not children at all.  For the children of Alice have Bartram, their father.  So they were merely dreams.  At this point Lamb woke up and found himself sitting in his bachelor arm-chair, where he had fallen asleep with the faithful Bridget by his side.  

00588--Summary of the Essay OLD CHINA by Charles Lamb [Essays of Elia]

Summary of the Essay OLD CHINA by Charles Lamb

Charles Lamb had a sentimental attachment to old china-cups, plates, jars and the like which are generally known as china-ware.  Whenever he visited a great house, he used to enquire first about the china-closet and then about the picture-gallery.  He did not remember when this love was planted in him. 

The pictures on old-china tea-cups are drawn without any sense of perspective.  The eye helps us in making up the sense of distance.  The figures may be up in the air but a speck of blue under their feet represents the earth.  The men on these cups and jars have women’s faces and the women have more womanish expressions. 

One of the cups has the picture of a young and courtly Mandarin, handing tea to a lady from a salver.  Between the two is a distance of only two miles.  On another side there is the same lady or another.  On tea-cups things similar are things identical.  She is stepping into a little fairy boat.  There is a river beside a garden.  At a distance are houses, trees, pagodas, country dances, a cow and a rabbit.  Lamb was pointing out these to his sister over a cup of tea.  This sister is represented as his cousin Bridget in the essays.   She was caught in the memory of their past.  So she started a long lecture.  She wanted Elia not to forget the past.
Audio Books

Bridget wished for a return of the good old times when they were not quite so rich.  She did not want to be poor, nor did she like to be rich.  She wanted to get back to that state when they were neither rich nor poor, and in that state they were much happier.  Now if they buy something it has no other value except that of the money spent on it.  In the old days every purchase was a triumph.  Before they purchased anything, they used to argue about it and about their expenses for two or three days.  All the arguments for and against were duly considered, and then they would think about an item of expenditure where they could save something.  Thus they were inconvenienced by the money spent on the object purchased, and this raised the value of the purchase.

Lamb used to wear the same brown suit which used to change on him even after it was in rags.  This he did because they wanted to purchase the folio edition of the plays of Beanment and Fletcher.  For weeks they looked at the volume before they could decide whether to purchase it, and then at ten o’ clock of a Saturday night they ran to the shop and paid for it.  But now he wears neat black clothes because he has become rich and finical; and he goes about purchasing any book or any print he likes. 

In the past they would walk to Enfield and Potter’s Bar, and Waltham on a holiday.  They would go there with their meagre lunch and enter in a decent inn.  There they were lucky having an honest hostess like the one described by Izaak Walton in his The Complete Angler.  Formerly, they used to sit in the pit to witness the dramatic performances.  They squeezed out their shillings to sit in the one shilling gallery.  There Elia felt many a time that he ought not to have brought Bridget who was grateful to him for having brought her there.  When the curtain was drawn up, it did not matter where one sat.  So Elia used to say that “the Gallery was the best place of all for enjoying a play socially”.  The spectators in the Gallery were illiterate ones who never read the plays and who therefore were highly attentive to the play.  Bridget received the best attention there because there was chivalry still left, but now Elia cannot see a play from the Gallery.  So Bridget says that his sight disappeared with his poverty.
Audio Books

                                                        

In the past, they used to eat strawberries; at that time they did not become quite common.  Now they cannot have such a treat.  Elia may now say that it is better to have a clean balance-sheet at the end of the year.  But there was a different pleasure in the past.  On the night of the 31^st December, they used to argue accounting for the excess in the expenditure.  At last they pocketed up their loss and welcomed the New Year.  Now there is not such accounting, and there are “no flattering promises about the new year doing better for them”.

As long as Bridget was in a rhetorical vein speaking thus, Elia kept quiet.  At last he told her that they must put up with the excess.  He said that they must be thankful for their early struggles.  Because of the past suffering, they were drawn together.  “We must ride, where we formerly walked; live better, and lie softer.”

.

                                                        END

00248--OF STUDIES/ESSAY/FRANCIS BACON [English literature free notes]

                      OF STUDIES

The word ‘essay’ was first used by the French writer Montaigne from whom Bacon adopted it. Bacons essays are in a class apart from those of the other essayists like Lamb, Macaulay and Addison.  He himself called them “pithy jottings, rather apt than curious’.  The description exactly fits his writings, especially earlier essays like “Of Studies”.

In “Of Studies”, the sentences are nearly all short; crisp and sententious.  There are few connectives.  Each sentence stands by itself, expressing briefly and precisely his weighty thought.  The epigrammatic terseness and the sharp antithesis and balance are seen as found in all his writings.  But in, “Of Truth”, Bacon imparts warmth and colour to his style.  Illustrations abound, metaphors and similies crop up.  In “Of Studies” each sentence is a concentrated expression of his idea, and most of them have acquired the universal currency of proverbs.

Bacon speaks at length of the value of study.  According to him, three purposes are served by studies. 

1.  They give delight.

2.  They are an ornament to man.

3.  They add to the ability of man.

In retirement and in aloofness reading gives pleasure.  As an ornament, one’s study adorns one’s conversation.  The ability of a learned man is seen in his judgment and in the way he carries out his business.  Even experienced men turn to learned people for advice and guidance.  Yet to spend too much time in studies is a sort of idleness, and to use one’s knowledge too much in conversation is nothing short of affectedness. To judge wholly by the rules one has studied is the tendency of a scholar.  Studies perfect the inborn talent of man, which is further completed by experience.  In this respect studies are like natural plants which require pruning.  Reading should not tempt one to contradict others.  Neither should one believe all that is stated in books.  What is absorbed from books should be weighed well before introducing them in one’s talk.

Bacon speaks of different types of books in his essay entitled “Of Studies”.

1.     Some books are to be tasted  [just enough to go through the book]

2.     Others to be swallowed  [read with great attention]

3.     Few to be chewed and digested  [each word must be meditated upon]

Condensed or abridged books are like distilled water, bright but tasteless.  Books on history add to the wisdom of man, for they are authentic account of the plots and plans made by the leaders of men who have gained tremendous success in life or failed miserably.  Reading of poetry makes man intelligent and imaginative, for poets present an imaginary world in their works.  The study of mathematics makes men clever and quick in grasping.  The study of natural science increases the depth of mind.  Morality makes men grave and the study of logic enables men to argue well. 

Reading, according to Bacon, makes a man well-informed while conversation makes him quick-witted, and writing makes him impeccable.  To write well he needs a good memory, for a writer should be careful not to repeat his ideas. 

Bacon concludes his essay “Of Studies” by suggesting remedies for deficiencies in some of the mental faculties.  He believes that there is scarcely any frailty in human mind which cannot be dispelled by the study of a subject fit for such a mind.  Just as physical exercises can cure the diseases of the body, the imperfections of the mind can be expelled by study. 

Bowling is considered good for curing the stones in the kidney; shooting is good exercise for lungs and breast; gentle walking is good for the stomach and riding is prescribed for any illness associated with the head.  Similarly, if a man’s mind lacks concentration he should study mathematics in which if his mind wanders from the subject, he will have to start again from the beginning.  If one is unable to discover the fine distinctions, he should study the works of the medieval philosophers who were skilled in subtle debates, and in the case of men who cannot argue well, Bacon recommend the study of the lawyer’s cases.  Thus every defect of the mind can be cured by the study of the proper subject.

                                                         END